Morphine has a bimodal effect on glomerular epithelial cells (GEC). At lower concentrations, morphine promotes GEC growth, whereas at higher concentrations, morphine triggers apoptosis of these epithelial cells. Further, morphine also exerts a bimodal effect on heme oxygenase activity in GEC (stimulatory at lower and suppressive at higher concentrations) 59. The chronic use of morphine […]
